Gianguir rebelled against his father and was disowned: he lost his right to the throne, which is now promised to his son Cosrovio. Gianguir married Zama, a woman of humble birth who convinced him to marry her daughter Miraca to Cosrovio. Her brother Asaf is the sultan’s favourite. Cosrovio turns down this proposal because he is in love with Alinda (the princess Semira, Gianguir’s sworn enemy); she convinces him to reclaim the throne bequeathed by his grandfather and take up arms against his father. His friend Mahobet, the captain of the guards, tries to remind him of his duty. Cosrovio and Asaf fight before Gianguir’s eyes. To avenge himself after being humiliated, Asaf tells Semira that Cosrovio will marry Miraca; she promises him her love out of jealousy. When ordered to either marry Miraca or to surrender and die, Cosrovio takes up arms: Gianguir finds out about this betrayal and demands that Mahobet’s head be brought to him for having helped his son. Mahobet saves himself by taking Gianguir hostage. He is accused of high treason and Gianguir deprives him of his rank, even though Agra is in danger. The army is handed to Asaf. Semira, using the name Alinda, feigns cooperation: she promises that she will marry Asaf and denounces the enemies of the kingdom to set herself free. Gianguir tells Cosrovio that Alinda is in love with another man. Cosrovio thinks that she has betrayed him, but as soon as Alinda is free, she reveals that Semira will not keep the promises made by Alinda, and that she is Cosrovio’s wife. The two lovers reunite. Semira sends her future husband to the battlefield and Asaf is defeated: when all seems lost for the king, Gianguir arrives—Mahobet has freed him. Zama tries to convince him to forgive his son, and Mahobet says that a rebellion will start if he kills him. At the very last moment, Gianguir chooses to be magnanimous: Semira walks in on the father and son reconciling. She asks to be killed at the same time as her husband, but Gianguir spares them on Zama’s advice. He declares her sultan’s wife and marries Semira and Cosrovio. The choir celebrates this beautiful day.

String marionette

Not specified

Zeno Apostolo

Italy

Venice

Printed

Succession

Rebellion

Forced marriage

Favourite

Tyrant

Heroic

Melodramatic

Epic

Gianguir, 1748 (title page)

Italian

Emperor

Prince

Princess

Wife

Brother

Captain

Confident

Music

Chorus

Play in verse

Love story

Public announcement

Crowd

Duel scene

Love rivalry

Parade

Off-stage combat

Disguised character (false identity)

Fight

Arrest scene

Revelation

Final wedding

Gianguir

Punch is furious because his sister, Mopsa, has been insulted. He offers to avenge her, but Mopsa prefers to go to court to ask their father, the magistrate Gormoncho, to punish the insult. Gormoncho comes on. The stage direction states that he should be wearing regalia, but that thieves have attacked the puppeteers on their way to the city and have stolen it. In court, Wyario, the clerk, reads Gormoncho an accusation against unknown people for robbing the regalia. The magistrate promises to punish the thieves, and moves on to the next case – Mopsa’s complaint. Mopsa accuses Alanio of having sung a bawdy song under her window. Alanio bursts into the room attended with two constables: it turns out that the thief is none other than Gormoncho himself.

Ireland

Revenge

Judgment

Thief

Morality

Burlesque

English

Magistrato

Clerk

Daughter

Constable

Sergeant

Court scene

Burlesque upon Magistracy; or, Punch out of Humour

Dom Gilvaz and Dom Fuas become enamoured with Dona Clóris and Dona Nise, the two nieces of the miser Dom Lanserote; Semicúpio, Dom Gilvaz’s servant, falls in love with their maid Sevadilha. Dona Nise gives her suitor a sprig of marjoram, Dona Clóris gives hers a sprig of rosemary and Sevadilha gifts hers a daisy; they encourage them to make these symbols triumph. The old Fagundes, Dom Lanserote’s maid, agrees to help the lovers. She reveals that one of the young women is promised to the foolish Dom Tibúrcio, and that the other will be sent to a convent. While Dom Tibúrcio is wooing Sevadilha, Semicúpio sneaks into the house; he is carrying a bundle of rosemary for Dom Gilvaz. When he faints, Fagundes sprays water on him and then leaves him with Sevadilha. The two servants bond; this ingenious couple will drive the action of the play. Dom Gilvaz catches Dom Fuas as he is climbing a ladder to break into the house: everyone enters the house and the two rivals, envying each other, engage in dialogues with their beloved. Dom Lanserote stops these outpourings. To escape this bad situation, Semicúpio claims that there is a fire and breaks down the door: the two lords, cornered, pretend to have come to put out the fire. Dom Fuas hides in a trunk to get into the house; he is carried by Semicúpio, who then hides his master Dom Gilvaz in it. While Dom Tibúrcio is courting Sevadilha, Dom Lanserote urges him to choose which of his nieces he will marry. They sit on the trunk. When it is knocked down, the candle goes out: the women arrive on stage for a night scene filled with much confusion. Dom Tibúrcio and Dom Lanserote want to open the trunk, but Dona Nise chases them away by talking about a ghost. Dom Gilvaz thanks Dona Nise, which arouses Dom Fuas’s jealousy. Then Dom Fuas speaks with Dona Clóris, arousing Dom Gilvaz’s jealousy. Semicúpio falls into the trunk. Dom Lanserote and Dom Tibúrcio arrive with light: they open the trunk, out of which comes Semicúpio; as he flees, he blows out the candle and shoves the other characters, who all believe that they are being pushed by their respective companion. The wedding is temporarily cancelled after this quarrel. Dom Gilvaz is waiting for Dona Clóris. He asks Dona Nise to hide him, but Dom Fuas and Dona Clóris find him: they both believe that their lovers have betrayed them. Dom Lanserote has reconciled with his nephew; he summons his nieces and, once again, asks Dom Tibúrcio to choose between them. Dom Fuas, Dom Gilvaz and Semicúpio, dressed as women, accuse Dom Tibúrcio of polygamy: he is forced to leave. In his misfortune, Dom Tibúrcio requires medical care: Dom Fuas, Dom Gilvaz and Semicúpio, dressed as doctors, tell him that he is pregnant; they also prescribe natural remedies to their beloved—marjoram, rosemary and daisy. Dom Gilvaz and his servant break into the garden using a rope. Dom Lanserote is there; he catches Semicúpio and locks him inside the henhouse. By mistake, Dom Fuas sits by the marjoram, and Dom Gilvaz by the rosemary: their lovers come to water the plants and find them: this is the beginning of another fit of jealousy from Dom Fuas and Dona Clóris. Dom Lansarote arrives: the lovers hide in the henhouse, as does Dom Tibúrcio. A judicial officer—Semicúpio in disguise—is with Dom Lanserote: he asks the hiding man to come out of the henhouse and arrests all the lords who walk out of it. In a parodical trial, Semicúpio finds the young women guilty of theft for having stolen the heart of the two lords, and sentences them to marriage; he requests that the costs be covered by Dom Lansarote and Dom Tibúrcio. The weddings put an end to the quarrel between rosemary and marjoram.

António José Da Silva (António José da Silva, aka O Judeu)

Portugal

Lisbon

Love

Rivalry in love

Suitors

Deception

Medicine

Justice

Wedding

Dramatic

Satirical

Comical

Lyrical

António José da Silva, Guerras do Alecrim e Mangerona (1759)

Portuguese

Lord

Legal guardian

Niece

Maid

Old woman

Servant

Love duet

Jack of all trades

Seduction scene

Fainting

Misunderstanding

Hidden character

Running away

Punching

Disguise

Cross-dressing

Night scene

Macaronic Latin

Confinement

Guerras do Alecrim e Mangerona

Wars of the Rosemary and of the Marjoram

As the city-state of Faleria is being besieged by the Roman Camillo, Erippo, a teacher, decides to betray his city and hand the children of the Falerian nobility to Camillo as hostages. To avoid being thought of as a traitor, he manages to make the children betray the city themselves by pretending that his daughter Cloridea has been abducted by Camillo and his son Quinzio. Cajetto, Cloridea’s brother and the children’s chosen King, is set on sending ambassadors to Camillo to save his sister. He explains his plan to his other sister, Tulliola, who worries about her lover Fabiello, the pupils’ Great Councillor. She manages to convince the latter to remain hidden; thus, Crispino and Grino are appointed ambassadors. Crispino refuses to betray Faleria and negotiate with the enemy; Cajetto challenges him to a duel. Agripina also fears for Fabiello, whom she is secretly in love with. Diana keeps Cajetto and Crispino from fighting and announces that everything is unfolding according to the gods’ design. Agripina asks Cajetto not to send her brother Crispino: as he agrees to her request, he declares his love to her and decides to send Fabiello instead, to the young girl’s utter despair. Tulliola rejoices at her brother and lover having been spared, but Agripina lets her know that Fabiello was appointed ambassador. Floruccio came to declare his love to Tulliola; to create a diversion, the latter asks him to fulfil the mission. Fabiello overhears the conversation and believes that Tulliola has betrayed him. He stops hiding and decides to fulfil her request: he will be the one to go. To warn her lover and offer herself as a hostage, Tulliola dresses in man’s clothes and goes to meet Camillo. When Grino, whom Fabiello sent scouting, tells her that he met a giant, Tulliola tries to divert his attention from the mission by pretending that she has been sent by Camillo, who wants to meet the Master rather than the pupils. While Erippo is being interviewed by Camillo, Floruccio spreads a rumour: Fabiello has betrayed the city to get rid of his rival. Crispino announces that Camillo is generous and has both refused to take children as hostages and reported their master as a traitor to the Falerian Senate. Fabiello and Tulliola are speaking; she convinces him of her love: the jealous Floruccio walks in on them as they are exchanging vows. Fabiello is wanted, and Cajetto throws him in jail. As Tulliola is trying to free him, the lovers are caught. Floruccio announces that the Falerian Senate is opening the gates of the city to Camillo—to thank him for his magnanimity. The children fear for Erippo, and Cajetto wants to avenge his father by punishing Tulliola and her lover. The stage transforms: Apollo appears and announces that Erippo will be forgiven. He orders the children to resume their studies. The play ends with three weddings.

Gori Antonio (aka Goanto Rinio)

Siege

School

Rivals

Treason

Hostage

Mock-heroic

Farcical

Il Cajetto, 1746 (title page)

Sister

Apollo

Diana

Children games

Foresight

Monologue

Messenger

Avista

Deus ex machina

Apparition of a god

Il Cajetto

Spring is cheering the birds and people up: a child is amazed to see a butterfly take flight, young boys are playing with a kite, and the gravedigger, envious, admires a heron in the sky. His neighbour, a blacksmith, tells him that his wings are ready. He tries in vain to talk him out of his dream of flying. Elsbeth despairs at her husband’s fixation and relates the gravedigger’s dream; the latter is particularly gloomy and worries Elsbeth. Meanwhile, the gardener, who is in love with Elsbeth, easily removes his naïve rival, the poet Blumenstengel (literally, Flower stem) : the latter believes that he has temporarily been transformed into an attractive sunflower. At night, the gravedigger tries over and over to take flight; he invokes the moon and stars before yielding to the devil’s proposal… A few days later, the gardener and the young Elsbeth bill and coo as they praise the flowers of springs; then, devastated, the gravedigger’s wife relates that her husband, who has been missing for some time, appeared to her during the night and ordered her to die after one final and icy kiss. Two graves were dug. At night, the gravedigger calls Death, who takes a long time to come. When the clock strikes midnight, he hurries inside his house with a knife. The following day, it is revealed that he has killed his wife and daughter; he is denounced and sentenced to hang. The gardener mourns Elsbeth and the crowd laments the gravedigger’s madness.

Shadow theatre

Kerner Justinus

Germany

Munich

Deal with the Devil

Madness

Flying dream

Crime

Spring

Counterfeit Money

Tragic

Fantastic

Photo of Dora Polster's scenery and shadow figures for the scene involving Death and a monk (end of the first act), 1907.

German

Gravedigger

Gärtnermädchen und Tochter des Totengräbers

Blacksmith

Gardener

Lover (man)

Poet

Spirit

Sculptor monk

Hunter

King

Young woman

Craftsperson

Death

Skeleton

People

Apparition of the Devil

Song

Instrumental tune

Graveyard scene

Der Totengräber von Feldberg

The Gravedigger of Feldberg

Luigi Gambara and Maria da Brescia are happily married. The villain Alvise takes advantage of Luigi’s absence to try and seduce Maria. Faggiolino, the servant in Luigi’s house, notices the situation, and when Luigi comes back, he warns him. Luigi discovers Alvise in his wife Maria’s bedroom as he is talking to her about love. Alvise challenges him to a duel, but he is wounded and flees, promising to take revenge. After making sure of Maria’s innocence, Luigi decides to take her far away from Brescia, so that she can find protection in Venice. Alvise gets ahead of them and goes to meet the Inquisitor to accuse Luigi of wanting to commit an attack against the Venetian Republic. Luigi is imprisoned and sentenced to death, but his servant Faggiolino provides him with the necessary money to bribe the guard Brighella; he then waits for him in a gondola under the Bridge of Sighs to help him escape. Luigi takes revenge on Alvise and kills him. As he is about to kill Maria, his daughter arrives and prevents him from doing so.

Glove-puppet

Cuccoli Angelo

Bologna

Printed summary

Unrequited love

Lust

Duel

Luigi Gambara

Fagiolino

Meneghino

Brighella

Balanzone

Soldier

Naive character deceived

Trap

Murder on stage

Domestic scene

Maria la bresciana e Luigi Gambara con Faggiolino detto il bravo della Lombardia

Maria the Brescian and Luigi Gambara with Faggiolino known as the brave of Lombardy

A policeman must arrest two criminals. Clown proposes to Pantaloon to accompany him fishing and boasts that they will need a large pan to cook all the fish he will catch. He thinks he caught a great prize but reels in only a cast iron pan. While Pantaloon mocks him, he insists that he did it on purpose. Pantaloon learns that Old Buffer is looking for a parrot and tries to sell him a talking parrot. When Old Buffer expresses his wish to eat it, Clown threatens to eat Old Buffer. The latter calls the police officer, who promises to help and hides to catch the scoundrels. Dude, a passerby, wants to know the time. Pantaloon advises him to not address the police officer since he is not himself. He shows him the time on a watch upon which the arrows are turning very rapidly. Harlequin and Columbine dance, and the police officer chases them since dancing is forbidden in the streets. A man hides in a letterbox, which troubles the mailman. This man is none other than Clown. The police officer notices Pantaloon and Clown, but he forgot his club at home; his family uses it to whisk the batter for birthday cakes. He decides to hide and to listen to them. All of the characters enter the scene to capture Pantaloon and Clown, who reveal themselves to be the two criminals being searched for.

Toy theatre

Young audiences

Strete

Arrest

Fishing

Eating

Investigation

Policeman

Clown

Pantaloon

Arlecchino

Colombine

Postman

Comic distortion of language

Dance

The Wonderful Travellers or The Gamesome Princes and the Pursuing Policeman

Pulcinella appears on stage. He cannot find the audience, as he is facing away from them. After a short skit in which the puppeteer explains to him that the audience is on the other side, Pulcinella introduces the performance and warns the audience: “Si vulit’ capì, v’avita vutà” (If you want to understand, you have to turn around). The play starts. Pulcinella talks with his stomach, which tells him through gurglings that it is hungry. A hen comes. Pulcinella kills it, plucks it, and eats it. Then, his stomach lets him know that it is content and wants to sleep. Pulcinella is awakened by a dog that came to eat him, because he has eaten the hen of the dog’s owner. Pulcinella knocks the animal out with a stick. The owner of the dog and the hen, a peasant, comes to get Pulcinella. Pulcinella introduces himself as the owner of the trousers ripped by the dog, and demands to be reimbursed. They settle accounts by beating each other with a stick until Pulcinella kills the peasant. Pulcinella puts the corpse in a casket, and when Death comes to get it and frighten Pulcinella, Pulcinella chases Death away by beating him with the casket. After several lazzi and puns, a carabinier arrests Pulcinella. We then see Pulcinella’s trial. The judge, also playing the prosecution and the defence lawyer, accuses Pulcinella of having murdered the dog’s owner, the dog, the hen, and, above all, of having eaten the hen. For those crimes, Pulcinella is sentenced to death. A monk hears his confession, and blesses him with a macaronic Latin spell which evokes a series of dishes. Pulcinella has to be hanged, but he cannot put his head in the slipknot. He asks the hangman to show him how to do it, and hangs him in his stead.