Alcide (Alcides) is in love with Alceste (Alcestis) and grieves when she marries Admète (Admetus). Straton learns that Céphise is leaving him, since she loves Licas now. Lycomède (Lycomedes), another character in love with Alceste, is planning a party in honour of the newly-wed—Admète and Alceste. He abducts Alceste, taking her to his ship guarded by his sister Thétis, who unleashes a tempest soon stopped by Eole (Aeolus). Licomède holds Alceste captive, but Alcide and Admète arrive with an army to set her free. The assailants win the battle, but Admète is mortally wounded. Apollon (Apollo) announces that he will come back to life if someone agrees to die in his stead: Alceste decides to sacrifice herself. Alcide makes her cross the Styx. Pluton (Pluto) does not care about Alceste’s sacrifice. Alcide arrives and asks for Alceste; she is handed back to him. Licas and Straton ask Céphise to choose between them, then the three of them agree that you should not marry if you want to stay in love. At first, Alcide wants to assert his rights over Alceste; however, he renounces when he witnesses the sorrow of the two lovers: he gives Alceste back to Admète.

Rod and string marionette

Not specified

France

Paris

Manuscript

Love

Sacrifice

Heroism

Kidnapping

Battle

Seat

Grief

Descent into hell

Trap

Greek mythology

Immortality

Parodistic

French

Hercules

Alcestis

Admetus

Lycomedes

Lychas

Thétis

Eole

Apollo

Mercury

Pluto

Charon

Shadow

Combattant

Choir

Monster

Comical regional accent

Spectacular turn of events

Metatheatre

Ballet

Song

Love rivalry

Final song

Alceste

Guignol – Vincent’s servant – has lost his wife Madelon, who ate a melon and died of food poisoning. Vincent plans on having him marry Louison – Gnafron’s daughter – so that his two servants are bound to one another. But Guignol deeply misses his wife, with whom he was always quarreling. He leaves his master’s house with the intention of going down to the Underworld to get her back. However, Gnafron finds Guignol sitting in a wine shop. After an enjoyable meal, they go back to their master. As the marriage settlement is being drafted, Louison is delighted to have finally found a husband. She pushes Guignol in front of her with a hairpin and promises him that she will be as mean as his first wife. But Guignol manages to escape before the contract is signed: Gnafron and Louison chase after him, while Vincent decides to sit at a table to eat with his neighbour Durand.
Guignol is exhausted while looking for Madelon. He falls asleep and sees the Génie of goodness, who presents him in his dream with an image of his wife accompanied by an imp. When he wakes up, Guignol summons the Génie, who warns him about the dangers that await. He also describes the five rivers of the Underworld. But Guignol is a proud man from Lyon: he knows how to swim, and he is not scared! Before Charon lets him on his rowboat for free (Guignol promises that with such prices he will be a most loyal client), he warns the hero that Madelon is Proserpine (Proserpina)’s companion, and Proserpine might not give her back to him. Guignol insists and repeats that he is not afraid of Cerbère (Cerberus). In fact, he means to coax its seven heads with bread and cheese. When he meets Pluton (Pluto), Guignol asks for his wife to be given back to him. The king of the Underworld remembers that the man appealing to him is protected by the Génie of goodness and thus summons his wife. Proserpine refuses to let Madelon go—she clings on to her as to her meanest companion. Then she yields, on condition that the wife consents to it. Madelon arrives, hits her husband and hurls insults at him. But Guignol provides good arguments: he has just come into an inheritance of sugar, coffee, eau de vie and absinthe… After thinking it over for a few minutes, Madelon agrees to follow him, on the flying dragon that Pluton lends Guignol to take them back up to the surface. Before they leave, the king of the Underworld promises to organise a feast for them. They are delighted about the idea, but the flames of the Underworld force them to flee before they can taste anything.

Glove-puppet

Vuillerme-Dunand Victor-Napoléon

Wedding

Resurrection

Glutton

Boat trip

Burlesque

Mock-heroic

Farcical

La Descente de Guignol aux Enfers (cover page)

Notary

Rentier

Guignol

Domestic servant

Gnafron

Concierge

Young woman

Genie

Proserpina

Devil

Popular speech

Dinner scene

Dream

Apparition of a genie

Domestic scene

Avista

Flying machine

La Descente de Guignol aux Enfers

Guignol's Trip to the Underworld

Pierrot has been dead for six months when he meets Arlequin in the Underworld. Arlequin has just arrived and tells Pierrot that Colombine quickly forgot all about him after he died. First, she went with Valère, then with Arlequin himself, after he and Martine divorced. After having met Platon (Plato) and Socrate (Socrates) and spied on their conversations, Pierrot and Arlequin begin philosophising about women. When they meet Pluton (Pluto), they ask him to bring Martine and Colombine, whom they yearn to see. The two women are taken alive to the Underworld, but they reject Arlequin and Pierrot as they refuse to live with dead men. To keep them away, Martine sends them both on a mission with Pluton and Caron (Charon). The young women meet Platon and Socrate too, who are both affected by the women’s living flesh. Arlequin is jealous and ready to fight Socrate. However, Pluton comes back and tells Martine and Colombine that Valère has already replaced them both. They ask to be brought back to earth, and Pluton grants their wish. After they are gone, Pluton and Arlequin declare that no woman is trustworthy, but Diotime (Diotima) appears and reminds them of the transfiguring power of love.

Pigeon Amédée

Printed

Death

Carnal love

Unfaithfulness

Philosophy

Afterlife

Woman

Dialogue of the dead

Comical

Satirical

Philosophical tale

Pierrot

Arlecchino

Socrates

Plato

Colombine

Diotima

Apparition

Scene of recognition

Spying scene

L'Amour dans les Enfers

Love in the Underworld

Admeto (Admetus), ill and dying, goes to see the oracle of Giove (Jupiter) in order to learn how to stay alive: he can only survive if someone dies in his stead. His wife Alceste (Alcestis) is the only one who accepts to die for him. Ercole (Heracles) asks for the hospitality of the court of Admeto, and there he narrates his labours. He promises his host that he will bring Alceste back from the underworld. Accompanied by the servant Faggiolino, Ercole descends to the underworld, where he kills several antagonists, and asks Plutone (Pluto) to bring Alceste back to life. Because Plutone refuses, Ercole kidnaps Alceste. Back on Earth, Ercole, Faggiolino and Alceste are welcomed with a sumptuous feast, and Faggiolino is promoted Great of the court.

Cuccoli Angelo

Italy

Bologna

Handwritten summary

Death resurrected

Heroic

Fantasy

Italian

con Faggiolino spaventato dai mostri infernali

King

Queen

Prince

Héraklès

Proteus

Fagiolino

Servant

Priest

Cerberus

Oracle

Prayer

Pyrotechnics

Fighting a monster

Change of social status

Ercole all'Inferno

Hercules in the Underworld

After a terrifying stormy night, Saint Anthony goes out of his cave and into the fresh air to find some peace. Beelzebub orders Hurliburli to take advantage of this hustle and bustle to try and make the pious hermit succumb to one of the seven deadly sins. Meanwhile, Hanswurst, a lost walker, exhausted and starving, seeks refuge in the cave. To his surprise, his complaints are heard and his desires are fulfilled by the devils of gluttony, sloth, and lust. But, as he passionately embraces the devil of lust, who took the appearance of a woman, Hurliburli appears and drags him to hell. Anthony, back in his cave, sees Hanswurst who angrily relates his misadventures and the mistake of which he was a victim. Anthony greets him and thanks God for having protected him from the temptation of the devil by putting a poor stranger in his stead… To reward his faith, an angel appears and crowns the saint with a halo.

Shadow theatre

Bernus Alexander von

Germany

Munich

Capital sin

Piety

Hermit

Storm

Religious

Pathetic

Rolf Erik von Hörschelmann, silhouettes and set for St. Anton oder der Heiligenschein.

German

Hanswurst

Beelzebub

Angel

Unmässigkeit-Trägheits-Geiz-Neid-Zorn-Hochmuts-Wollust-Teufel

Misunderstanding

Metamorphosis

Monologue

St. Anton oder der Heiligenschein

St Anthony or the halo

After a prologue in which a marionette summarizes the plot, the scene opens in Juno’s bedroom at 3 a.m. Jove and Mercury, drunk and dressed as burglars, break the window to get in. Jove drives Mercury away and tries to sleep but he wakes up Juno, who picks a quarrel with him. She is furious and she decides to go to Hell and fetch two snakes which will kill Hercules and his mother in retaliation for Jove’s unfaithfulness. At the gates of Hell, Juno orders snakes and meets Blind Boy and Columbus the Parrot, who are carrying a bag. They are introduced to Pluto and his favorite snake, Slimy-Go-Gurgle-and-Twirl. They are sentenced to boil in the cauldron of Hell, but Columbus states that he has a present for Pluto in his bag. Pluto asks to see it. The present is an egg containing six other eggs, which are all of different colours and are placed one inside the other. Out of the smallest one hatches the “Worm of Worms,” Cockatrice, who kills all the snakes in Hell and terrifies everybody. Pluto gives his ring to Blind Boy and asks him to take Cockatrice away, but Blind Boy informs him that he is his mother and offers to explain how it happened. They all sit in front of a small theatre, where the story of Cockatrice’s birth is narrated. In the cockney neighborhood of London, Jove, dressed up as a cock, steps into Blind Woman and Blind Boy’s shop in order to buy pigeon milk. He hands over an egg to Blind Boy, since he is blind and therefore cannot see Cockatrice, who is about to hatch, for a single glance at Cockatrice would prove fatal - it would even kill him to see himself in a mirror. Jove asks Blind Boy to be Cockatrice’s mother and to never reveal to him who his father is. After hatching, Cockatrice befriends Blind Boy, and they decide to travel the different worlds together. After the performance ends, Blind Boy, Cockatrice, and Parrot leave Hell in order to rescue Hercules from the snakes sent by that Juno sent.

String marionette

Craig Edward Gordon

Marina di Pisa

Printed excerpts

Latin Mythology

Hell

Evil

English

Jupiter - Parrot - Pluto - Cockatrice & Blind-Boy

1st version

Puppet

Juno

Jupiter (Jove)

Worker

Blind Boy

Blind

Parrot

Pretty Polly

Columbus

Slimy-Go-Gurgle-And-Twirl

Snake

Cockatrice

Basilic

Worm

Cock, cockerel

Theatre within the theatre

Egg eclosion

Verbal imitation

Argument

Blind character

Disguised character (false identity)

Analepsis (Flash-back)

Anachronism

Hell (1916)

Enfer

The play begins in Hell: a small bedroom in an apartment in Cheapside, London. Pluto, the God of Hell, is an old man in a dressing gown and slippers who sleeps in his armchair while angel-faced devils sing him a lullaby. He is awakened by the announcement of the arrival of two visitors. Before they enter, Pluto orders the place to be changed in accordance with the expected aspects of Hell: cauldrons, damned souls, flames, and devils. The two visitors, Blind-boy and Pretty Polly the parrot, are introduced to Pluto and his favorite snake, Slimy-Go-Gurgle-and-Twirl. They are sentenced to boil in the cauldron of Hell, but Pretty Polly states that it has a gift for Pluto in its bag. Pluto asks to see it. The gift is an egg containing six others, all of different colors and set one into the other. The “Worm of worms”, Cockatrice, hatches from the smallest, killing all the snakes of Hell and frightening everyone. Pluto gifts his ring to Blind-Boy so that he can take Cockatrice away, but Blind-Boy informs him that he is his mother and offers to share how it came to be. They all sit in front of a small theater where the story of Cockatrice’s birth is narrated. In the cockney neighborhood of London, Jove, dressed up as a rooster, enters Blind-Woman and Blind-Boy’s shop in order to buy pigeon milk. He hands over an egg to Blind-Boy, who is blind and cannot see that Cockatrice is ready to hatch. As the sight of Cockatrice is dangerous—it would even be fatal for him to see himself in a mirror—Jove asks Blind-Boy to be Cockatrice’s mother and to never reveal to him who his father is. After hatching, Cockatrice befriends Blind-Boy, and they decide to travel the different worlds together. After the performance ends, Blind-Boy, Cockatrice, and Pretty Polly leave Hell in order to save Hercules from the snakes sent by Juno.

Edward Gordon Craig, front cover of the manuscript of the 3rd version of Hell, 1918.